tRNS did not enhance gains on trained or untrained activities. Training was associated with substantial gains on the training activities and on transfer measures of working memory with common processing and storage demands to the training tasks. In the first study, participants completed Cogmed working memory training with either active or sham transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). Evidence has shown that transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) may be an effective tool for enhancing cognitive training and promoting transfer. Working memory training improves performance on trained and untrained working memory tasks, but there is little consistent evidence that these gains benefit everyday tasks that rely on working memory. #Working memory and backward digit span serialThese findings provide new insights into the cognitive processes and temporal dynamics of working memory for serial actions and instructions. Demonstrated instructions improved maintenance of all items while backward recall enhanced memory of later items in the sequence. In addition, the beneficial effects of enacted recall and visual demonstration also emerged in an analysis of response times, specifically in reduced preparation and recall duration. Experiment 3 (N = 24) replicated the findings from Experiment 1 and 2, along with the previous observation of an advantage for demonstrated over spoken presentation. Experiment 2 (N = 24) used visual demonstration of instruction sequences and found similar performance levels in forward and backward recall. In contrast, enacted recall was not influenced by recall direction. Experiment 1 (N = 24) showed that adults were more accurate in backward than forward verbal recall following spoken instructions. backward), in addition to that of presentation and recall modality, on working memory for instruction sequences in healthy young adults. The present study extended this work by investigating the impact of recall direction (forward vs. visual demonstration) and recall modality (verbal vs. Recent research has indicated that serial memory for instructions is influenced by presentation modality (spoken vs. The ability to flexibly retrieve and implement sequences of actions is essential to motor learning and planning. It should be noted that visuospatial processing might also be engaged in reversing purely verbal tasks, such as representing alphabets/digits visually in the mind's eye (Li & Lewandowsky, 1995 St Clair-Thompson & Allen, 2013). However, this account doesn't explain why other items in the sequence are not recalled with reduced accuracy when reversal is required, as is often observed in other explorations of verbal serial recall (Baker et al., 2012 Haberlandt et al., 2005 St Clair-Thompson, 2010 St Clair-Thompson & Allen, 2013 Wilde & Strauss, 2002).Within the current task context, the presence of objects laid out in front of the participant throughout the task may have increased the likelihood of scaffolding backward recall via visuospatial support (e.g., drawing a path of objects in terms of action sequences). Furthermore, at least for verbal recall of spoken instructions, they may also be able to utilize a short-lived acoustic/echoic memory trace relating to the end-sequence item.
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